Everything about Tabal totally explained
Tabal (Bib.
Tubal, Gk.
Τιβαρηνοί Tibarenoi, Lat.
Tibareni,
Thobeles in Josephus) was a
Luwian speaking
Neo-Hittite kingdom of South Central
Anatolia, forming after the collapse of the
Hittite Empire and surviving into Roman times.
Some scholars associate them with the
Meshechs (Meshekhs/Mosokhs,
Moschoi in Greek). According to the archaeologist Kurt Bittel (
Hattusha, the Kingdom of the Hittites 1970: pp. 133 f), they first appeared after the collapse of the
Hittite Empire.
The
Assyrian king
Shalmaneser III records that he received gifts from their 24 kings in
837 BC and the following year. A century later, their king
Burutash is mentioned in an inscription of king
Tiglath-Pileser III. They have left a number of inscriptions from the
9th-
8th centuries BC in hieroglyphic-
Luwian in the Turkish villages of
Çalapverdi and
Alişar.
Some later rulers of Tabal are:
- Ambaris (until ca. 713)
- Hidi (ca. 690)
- Mugallu (ca. 670)
- x-ussi (ca. 650)
The Georgian historian
Ivane Javakhishvili considered Tabal, Tubal, Jabal and Jubal to be ancient
Georgian tribal designations, and argued that they spoke a non-
Indo-European language.
They and other related tribes, the
Chalybes (
Khalib/
Khaldi) and the
Mossynoeci (
Mossynoikoi in Greek), are sometimes considered the founders of
metallurgy. These three tribes still neighbored each other, along the
Black Sea coast of
Anatolia (ancient
Pontus), as late as in
Roman times (the tribes were known in
Latin as
Tibareni,
Chalybes, and
Mossynoeci/
Mosynoeci).
On the evidence of
Hecataeus,
Herodotus,
Xenophon,
Strabo and others, the tribe of the Tibareni (
Tibarenoi in Greek) lived in the north of the territory of Tabal.
Bibliography
Ivane Javakhishvili. Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East. Tbilisi, 1950, pp. 130-135 (in Georgian)
Simon Janashia. Works, vol. III. Tbilisi, 1959, pp. 2-74 (in Georgian)
Nana Khazaradze. The Ethnopolitical entities of Eastern Asia Minor in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Tbilisi, 1978, pp. 3-139 (in Georgian, Russian and English)Further Information
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